Biology Notes

Bacteria Cells vs. Animal Cells

The main difference between an animal cell and a bacterial cell is that a bacterial cell contains a plasmid, a ring of DNA, opposed to the chromosomes that animal cells possess. There are other differences, such as size (bacterial cells are many times smaller) and whether or not they contain membrane bound organelles, which bacteria do not. Bacteria cells have also flagella/flagellum that an animal cells (except spermatozoa or sperm cells) does not, a "tail" strand that extends out of the cell to propel it forward.

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The Most useful link about Viruses and Bacteria:

http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/anitbiotic-resistance-faqs.html

Overview of what I've researched:
Here is the answer from FDA.gov:

• Viruses must have a living host to multiply whereas most beacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.

• Viruses invade their host's cells and turn the cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself.

• Bacteria carry all the machinery needed for their growth and multiplication, while Viruses carry mainly information - for example, DNA or RNA, packaged in a protein and/or membranous coat. Bacteria, on the other hand, harness the host cell's machinery to reproduce. In a sense, Viruses are not truly "living," but are essentially information (DNA or RNA) that float around until they encounter a suitable living host.

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A virus, which is the simplest form of a genetic entity, is incapable of life and reproduction outside the cells of other living organisms. A virus contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) but has no ribosomes. Although some viruses are not harmful, many harm their host organism by destroying or altering its cell structures. Generally, the body perceives viruses as antigens and produces antibodies to counteract the virus.

Bacteria are organisms with a full cellular structure (prokaryotes). They, too, can be not harmful or harmful. Harmful bacteria are perceived as antigens by the body, which in turn produces antibodies. In some cases infectious diseases may be treated effectively with antiseptics, which are chemicals that oxidize inactivate the infecting organism (like Lysol or Chlorox). Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections, sometimes working by destroying bacterial cell walls or by inhibiting bacterial creation of DNA, RNA, or proteins. Antibiotics are ineffective in treating viral infections

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Whales

(1) a. Migration Happens Between cold arctic waters and winter calving lagoons in Mexico.

b. 5,000 to 7,000 miles. The longest of any mammal.

(2) For every minute of a long deep dive, there follows a blow and a short, shallow dive.

(3) Skyhopping- When a whale peeks his head out of water for orientation or to look around.

Tank 1: They school in order to efficiently feed. Also helps for protection from predators. The coloration of a lighter belly and a darker top helps for camouflage when schooling.

Tank 2: a) Sharp spines on their backs for protection from predators; Wide mouths; Big Size; Big Eyes.

b+c) Vermilion Rockfish; Copper Rockfish c)The name in front of Rockfish signifies the color of the fish.

d) They stay stagnant and still around the same color background.

Tank 4: a)Powerful jaws and grinding teeth allow for a diet of hard-shelled animals.

b)They hide inside small caves where they blend in.

Tank 5: This allows them to fit flexibly anywhere and they are light enough to stick on things without gravity affecting them.

Tank 8: a)Angelic Trash bags floating around.

b) Sharks and turtles.

c) Sharks can eat the trash bags and the plastic will block off their digestive system.

Tank 10:a)The Diamond turbot. b)They feed from the bottom which is always touching the ground. c) they are both on top.

d) Different estuaries call for different species of fish to adapt to the environment within the details and ecosystem of the estuary.

Tank 13: a) Males reach 35 lbs. b) Sharp spines and its antennae are used for defense.

Tank 15: a) It is used to recognize their species’ 3 color phase.

b) To be less noticeable to predators.

Tank 17: Sand dollars feed on tiny food particles that are obtained from the sediment while burrowing or from the water current. Sand dollars do not ingest vast quantities of sediment and sift through the materials.

Tank 18: a+b) Juveniles are free swimming until they are 2 inches. c) 25 years old to mature. d) They would just die if divers take them.

Tank 19: Drawing (See Next Page)

Tank 22: The Most aggressive stripped male changes color in 10-15 days.

Tank 23: When provoked, it puffs up making it difficult for the predator to attack without harm.

Tank 24:a+b)Flashlight Fish rotate the light organ within its socket in order to turn the light on and off. It has what appears to be a glowing smile due to the bioluminescent bacteria that inhabit the light organs found just below each eye. b) The most common use is to communicate among themselves by increasing the frequency of the blink. Another use is in the form of defense, turning the light on, and then quickly off while darting away from a predator. The last use for their light is to attract food in the form of plankton as these tiny crustaceans are normally attracted to light.

Tank 27: Bubble Coral, that is big and disgusting; Pink finger Coral, that is shapped like fingers; Tongue Coral, which looks like a giant tongue the size of a human head.

Tank 29: a) The Anemones provide the fish with a nest, while the fish uard the next against bigger fish.

b) Most other Anemones eat small fish.

Tidepool

There are 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day that cycle about every 6 hours.

Sharks

a) Sharks use their (1)Ears and (2)Lateral Line for great distance.

b) (3)Smell is used to cover the distance before getting close up.

c) (4)Sight and (5)Electroreception are used when near by.

d) (6)Taste is the final sense used when feeding.

Tank 10:a)The Diamond turbot.   b)They feed from the bottom which is always touching the ground.   c) they are both on top.

d) Eyes are on different places to signify an advantage to whether the animal is a predator or a prey.  The eyes are usually more separated and on different sides when they are prey to give an advantage of being able to look more behind you as you run away from predators that have their eyes in front of them to keep their eyes on their prey in front of them.